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  • Psychology

Dogma Is Not Confined to the Cathedral

  • July 4, 2019
  • 10 comments
  • 5 minute read
  • Logan Chipkin
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My fellow nonbelievers,

Whether you call yourself an atheist, an agnostic—or even spiritual but not religious—there’s a decent chance that you weren’t raised to accept such a position. Many of us were taught from an early age that the stories of one holy text or another were true, and that there was a god or gods watching over us. Naturally, some households emphasized their religion’s dogmatic elements more than others. And, even after rejecting religion as literally true, the relationship between the nonbeliever and her family’s divine creed is hardly the same for every heretic—some retain the traditions, while others are forever hostile to the dogma fed to them as children. Even the journey from faith to non-faith is not uniform. Some of us intuited from an early age that the claims of religion couldn’t possibly be true. Others—myself included—grew suspicious of Biblical tales only once we had been introduced to other ideas, such as those from science and history.

But nonbelievers who were raised to accept religion have this in common: we all judged an idea to be false that authority figures told us was true. Given the rise in atheism and agnosticism across the world, this may seem like a trivial fact. But, for the vast majority of human history, conscious rejection of authority-endorsed ideas was almost literally an unthinkable act. We might now be comfortable entertaining alternative ideas without outright accepting them, but that requires a level of intellectual maturity and security that was not achieved by most of our ancestors.

Nonbelievers who scrutinized the dogma handed to them and judged it unsatisfying, I applaud you. You did not accept arguments merely because they were asserted with the authority of your parents, pastors, imams or rabbis. You required of them more than because I said so or have faith. Moreover, you did not accept shame tactics as valid arguments. No number of charges of moral inferiority or heresy, no amount of aggressive scolding could pressurize you into conformity to what you knew to be false.

Many nonbelievers recognize their own independent thinking as such and come away feeling self-satisfaction. As they should. But many fail to appreciate that dogma is not confined to the cathedral. The uncomfortable truth is that there are bad ideas all over the place, and many of them have evolved some standard religious garb to keep themselves in circulation. These nontraditional religions can be harder to spot, since they’re not labeled as such, and so are better able to hide in plain sight. But once you know the universal telltale signs of dogmatic thinking, their kinship with their traditional counterparts becomes obvious.

If an idea or ideology is false, in the long run it will find itself at a huge disadvantage against truer alternatives. For example, the idea of a flat Earth will struggle to spread more than the rival notion that the earth is round, since the latter is consistent with theories from physics, while the former is not. But false ideas are still with us, so clearly an idea’s correspondence with reality is not the only factor that determines its relative ubiquity. Since false ideas cannot compete on their own merits, they have evolved different paths toward prominence. Instead of rational arguments, these bad ideologies are packaged alongside feelings of moral superiority, shame tactics, and tribal affiliations, all of which are levied against those who disagree.

It is these social weapons that can cause a merely bad idea to morph into a religious one. Consider the reaction to criticism of US foreign policy among right-leaning friends. Call a US intervention in the politics of a Middle Eastern country a modern incarnation of imperialism and you may be branded anti-American or accused of being someone who doesn’t support the troops. You may receive similar invectives for questioning the dogma of American exceptionalism. But these are shame tactics, not arguments, and should be exposed as such.

Or try questioning the left-wing narrative that any group differences are due to patriarchal oppression, or to cultural indoctrination (or any other variant of this cluster of assertions). In some quarters, you will not be met with counterarguments and evidence if you question these claims, but instead accused of bigotry. Again, shaming and name-calling are not arguments.

Notice that, in both cases, you often run up against the brick wall that is perceived moral superiority. Only ingrates question the US military, and only the unsympathetic question narratives of patriarchal oppression, after all, so arguments from such people should be dismissed out of hand. Worse still, you run the risk of social ostracism from the tribe in question. That alone can pressurize people into ideological conformity in the form of self-deception or self-silencing. All this should be familiar to nonbelievers. This is the religious mindset, whose justifications we rejected as the unsatisfactory non-arguments they are, when they came from church, mosque, synagogue or temple.

Many nonbelievers pride themselves on their commitment to rationality. That’s a fine sentiment. I simply implore you to keep going. Don’t stop at the Torah or the Qur’an. As secular humanists, we should resist intellectual tyranny wherever we find it. Stay vigilant about the signs of religion I’ve outlined. What happens if you question an assumption? Are you met with an explanation, or something more venomous? Do you find yourself biting your tongue when some topics are broached in conversation? Is it because you don’t have an opinion, or because you fear banishment at the utterance of the wrong word?

In addition to looking out for modern dogmas held by others, the nonbeliever should be wary of becoming consumed by a new religion himself. Ask yourself: do I think that those who disagree with me on issue x are morally inferior? If you cannot fathom that a good person might hold an alternative position on an issue, then you might be in the grip of dogma. It’s intoxicating to assume the moral high ground, to unite with like-minded individuals in a fight against evil—i.e. against those whose opinions differ from ours—to bask in absolute certainty. But critical thinking stops where moralizing begins. We cannot be sure that we are on the correct path, whether in pursuing truth or in determining proper courses of action, if we refuse to engage in criticism of the ideas we hold dearest. If you find yourself in thrall to this religious mindset, it can be helpful to reexamine the fundamentals from which these ideas are derived. Why do you think that these axioms, rather than some others, are correct? Another fruitful practice is to understand the best arguments against your own position. Are all those who disagree with it really morally inferior to you, or could there be some other reason that they hold the views they hold?

As nonbelievers, we proudly accept all of these strategies when it comes to traditional religions. But dogma is dogma, wherever it lurks. We must continue to reject arguments from authority, ignore shame tactics and resist moralizing: both in ourselves and in others.

Let us push forward, beyond the cathedral.


This essay is dedicated to the memory of Mark Pfeffer.

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Logan Chipkin

Logan Chipkin is a freelance writer in Philadelphia and host of the Fallible Animals podcast. His writing focuses on science, philosophy, economics, and history. Links to previous publications can be found at www.loganchipkin.com."

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10 comments
  1. Claire says:
    July 9, 2019 at 6:58 pm

    “Ask yourself: do I think that those who disagree with me on issue x are morally inferior? If you cannot fathom that a good person might hold an alternative position on an issue, then you might be in the grip of dogma.”

    I’m a little curious about this (which might fall into the domain of that “might be” in the last sentence). It seems to me that there are some issues that can’t be disagreed about in good faith, e.g. that owning people as property is morally wrong. But calling anti-slavery belief dogmatic seems off.

    The idea that slavery is wrong is something that humans have learned over time. I don’t for a minute think that I’m automatically a better person than, say, Cicero or George Washington, just because they owned slaves. I have the advantage of being born into a society that didn’t brainwash me into thinking slavery was OK. If I think that there can be no “faultless disagreement” about slavery *now*, and that previous generations were wrong but not necessarily morally inferior, does that bear on the question of whether it’s functioning as a dogma?

    Reply
  2. evolutionary paleobiologist says:
    July 8, 2019 at 4:46 pm

    Most opinions are held in conformity to a particular group; some are held in opposition to a particular group, and some reflect actual examination of an issue. Most atheists globally are atheists because of coercion and indoctrination by communist governments. Many others are militantly opposing a straw man version of religion with irrational arguments, though the excessive volume of bad arguments no doubt makes that fraction appear larger than it actually is. None of that proves that atheism is incorrect, but the proportions of adherents who have thought through their position is unlikely to be all that different for atheism than for various religious positions, given the general character of humanity.

    1
    Reply
  3. Marian Hennings says:
    July 5, 2019 at 7:57 pm

    The dogma of white privilege/white fragility fits this description, as do its adherents.

    3
    Reply
  4. Heike says:
    July 5, 2019 at 7:06 pm

    “Only ingrates question the US military”

    [citation needed]

    This is a strawman argument.

    “Ask yourself: do I think that those who disagree with me on issue x are morally inferior? If you cannot fathom that a good person might hold an alternative position on an issue, then you might be in the grip of dogma.”

    Jonathan Haidt’s experiments ask liberals and conservatives to fill out questionnaires about their values, then to predict how someone from the opposite tribe would fill out the questionnaire. He finds that conservatives are able to predict liberals’ answers just fine and seem to have a pretty good understanding of their worldviews, but that liberals have *no idea* how conservatives think or what they value.

    http://www.aei.org/publication/liberals-or-conservatives-whos-really-close-minded/

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    2
    Reply
    1. josh says:
      July 9, 2019 at 11:46 am

      Were you living under a rock during the Iraq War?

      Reply
    2. Puffles says:
      July 14, 2019 at 3:28 pm

      The article is not itself stating as fact that “only ingrates question the US military”. It is referencing a position of certain dogmatic nationalists in order to argue against it. Likewise the following parts about the unsympathetic and patriarchy, and about dismissing arguments out of hand: this is not the thrust of the article, rather it is referencing mindsets held today by the dogmatic culture warriors.

      You’ve also missed the point of this line: “If you cannot fathom that a good person might hold an alternative position on an issue, then you might be in the grip of dogma.”. The qualifier is “GOOD person” (my emphasis), it is not a question of whether other views are held at all but whether someone of good moral standing might nevertheless disagree with you.

      Reply
  5. Ted says:
    July 5, 2019 at 4:09 pm

    A person’s “faith” is, by definition, not falsifiable, but what is relevant is the primary motivation for one’s “worship,” meaning “episodic expression of faith.” The conflict between secularism and religious expression manifests itself in the expectations of the adherents to each belief system.

    After fifty years of contemplation, I have become convinced that the only honest prayer is that predicated on “Thy will be done.” Those that attempt to influence the omnipotent to rule in favor of the self-interest of the beseecher, are those whose faith is predicated on greed and hubris. Such faith is weak and reliant on the “gimme free stuff” dogmatism that is the foundation of the evil that men do in the name of their creed.

    2
    Reply
  6. Eric Best says:
    July 4, 2019 at 10:10 pm

    I know, and I know of, many people who have left a traditional faith only to adopt a contemporary and sometimes more toxic faith (eg Christianity for Communism or various kinds of identity politics). With any of this, it’s not so much about what we believe as about the way we believe (I know some fundamentalist atheists). Qualitative changes in the way we know are deeper and harder than changes in what (we think) we know. Some of this is likely dependent on maturity (Jean Piaget, Robert Kegan).

    3
    Reply
  7. Andrew Miller says:
    July 4, 2019 at 5:13 pm

    As someone raised Christian who’s now an atheist (boring and not hugely important to me. It just is) but more crucially a securalist I wholeheartedly endorse everything here. I would once have fallen into the Chomskyite ‘anti imperialist camp, but the more I read and reflected the more I realised it was a kind of dogma and was an incredibly intellectually flawed one at that.
    The older i’ve got the more I’ve come to realise the most vital thing a society can have is a kind of open rationality rooted in the importance of public discussion.
    It’s no guarantee of anything except the it the best chance we have of correct errors and moving towards something better.
    That along with treating humans as ends not means, is about the best we hope for.

    13
    Reply
    1. Ray Andrews says:
      July 4, 2019 at 9:01 pm

      Well said. Utopias are all dangerous, but muddling along as rational participants in the dialogue of civilization ain’t half bad.

      4
      Reply

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